This page contains my scholarly articles and technical publications.

Technical Articles

Beyond "Non-Deterministic": Deconstructing the Illusion of Randomness in LLMs

Subramanya N September 09, 2025

Attributing an LLM's behavior to 'non-determinism' is like blaming a complex system's emergent behavior on magic. It's an admission of incomprehension, not an explanation. The truth is far more fascinating and, for architects and engineers, far more critical to understand.

Keywords: AI, LLM, Determinism, Architecture, Machine Learning, Prompt Engineering, Emergence

The Architectural Revolution: Why AI Agents Shatter Traditional Design Patterns

Subramanya N July 21, 2025

For decades, software architects have operated under a fundamental assumption: we design systems, and systems execute our designs. AI agents are rewriting this contract entirely. Unlike the monoliths and microservices that came before them, AI agents don't just execute architecture—they evolve it.

Keywords: AI, Agents, Architecture, Software Design, Microservices, Evolution, Emergence

Do Agents Need Their Own Identity?

Subramanya N July 15, 2025

As AI agents become more sophisticated and autonomous, a fundamental question is emerging: should agents operate under user credentials, or do they need their own distinct identities? This isn't just a technical curiosity—it's a critical trust and security decision that will shape how we build reliable, accountable AI systems.

Keywords: AI, Agents, Identity, Security, Trust, Governance

Securing AI Assistants: Why Your Favorite Apps Need Digital IDs for Their AI

Subramanya N July 01, 2025

As AI assistants on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Booking.com become more autonomous, they need proper digital identities to securely act on our behalf. Learn how AI identity systems work and why they matter for consumer platforms.

Keywords: AI, Security, Identity, AI Agents, Consumer Platforms, SPIFFE

From Gateway to Guardian: The Evolution of MCP Security

Subramanya N June 21, 2025

While AWS's MCP Gateway solves operational challenges, production AI systems demand evolution from basic centralization to identity-aware security guardians that address the "lethal trifecta" of vulnerabilities in enterprise deployments.

Keywords: MCP, Security, API Gateway, AI Agents, Architecture, Evolution

OpenID Connect for Agents (OIDC-A) 1.0 Proposal

Subramanya N April 28, 2025

Technical proposal for extending OpenID Connect Core 1.0 to provide a framework for representing, authenticating, and authorizing LLM-based agents within the OAuth 2.0 ecosystem.

Keywords: OpenID, OAuth, AI, Agents, Security, Identity, Authentication, Authorization, Standards, Proposal, Specification

A feat of strength MVP for AI Apps

Subramanya N February 20, 2024

Exploring the concept of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) in AI applications, focusing on delivering value by understanding and addressing user needs effectively.

Keywords: AI, MVP, Product Development, User Feedback, Innovation

The Nockout Story

Subramanya N, Yash Kejariwal January 11, 2024

Discover how Nockout is transforming the way we find and enjoy sports activities. No more hassle in booking courts, no more mismatches in skill levels, just pure joy of playing your favorite sports.

Keywords: Sports, Technology, Community, Innovation

Hybrid Search for E-Commerce with Pinecone and LLMs

Subramanya N May 02, 2023

Learn how to build a powerful hybrid search system for e-commerce applications by combining traditional information retrieval methods with machine learning models like Language Models (LLMs) and Pinecone, a managed vector database. Discover the benefits of hybrid search for e-commerce, including improved search relevance, personalization, handling long-tail queries, and simpler infrastructure management.

Keywords: Pinecone, Hybrid Search, E-Commerce, Large Language Models, Vector Database

Demystifying the Shell Scripting: Working with Files and Directories

Subramanya N January 04, 2023

Master the art of working with files and directories in shell scripting to streamline your tasks and improve efficiency. Learn how to create, copy, move, and delete files and directories, as well as read and write to files using practical examples. Discover the power of searching for files and directories with the `find` command. Enhance your shell scripting skills with valuable resources and tutorials, and unlock the full potential of file and directory management in the shell.

Keywords: Shell Scripting, Bash, Shell, File Management, Directory Management

Demystifying the Shell: A Beginner's Guide

Subramanya N December 28, 2022

Discover the power of the shell, a command-line interface that allows you to interact with your computer's operating system more directly and efficiently. Learn the basics of using the shell, navigating within it, and connecting programs using simple examples. Enhance your skills with miscellaneous tips and resources, including tab completion, command history, keyboard shortcuts, and helpful online tools. Embrace the command line and unlock the full potential of the shell!

Keywords: Bash, Shell

Demystifying the Shell Scripting: A Beginner's Guide

Subramanya N December 28, 2022

Shell scripting is a powerful tool that enables users to automate tasks, perform complex operations, and create custom commands. In this beginner's guide, we will explore the basics of shell scripting, including creating and executing scripts, working with variables, control structures, loops, and functions. By understanding these fundamental concepts, you will be well on your way to mastering shell scripting and unlocking its full potential.

Keywords: Shell Scripting, Bash, Shell

Demystifying the Shell Scripting: Advanced Techniques and Best Practices

Subramanya N December 28, 2022

Building upon the fundamentals of shell scripting, this guide delves into advanced techniques and best practices that will elevate your scripting skills. We will explore error handling, command substitution, process management, and share valuable tips for writing efficient, robust, and maintainable scripts. By mastering these advanced concepts, you will be well-equipped to tackle complex scripting challenges and harness the full power of shell scripting.

Keywords: Shell Scripting, Bash, Shell, Error Handling, Command Substitution, Process Management, Best Practices

Version Control (Git)

Subramanya N December 21, 2022

How to use version control _properly_, and take advantage of it to save you from disaster, collaborate with others, and quickly find and isolate problematic changes. No more `rm -rf; git clone`. No more merge conflicts (well, fewer of them at least). No more huge blocks of commented-out code. No more fretting over how to find what broke your code. No more "oh no, did we delete the working code?!".

Keywords: Git, Version Control